Symport and Antiport

Some of the transport proteins carry out the diffusion when two molecules are moving through it together. Moving of molecules across the membrane in one direction is called as symport. If the molecules move in the opposite direction, then it is called as antiport. If one molecule is moving in a different direction than the other molecules, then the movement process is called as uniport.
Active Transport
If the molecules are transferred through the membrane across the concentration gradient with the use of energy then the process is called as Active transport. The membrane proteins are involved in carrying out the active transport. The proteins in the membrane play important role in the active transport and passive transport. Pumps are the membrane proteins which make use of energy to transport the substances against the membrane of the cell. These transport proteins or channels will transfer the substances from their low concentration side to their high concentration side.
The rate of transport will be maximum when the transporting proteins are made use of and are saturated. The membrane protein is very much specific towards the substance that is transferred across the membrane which is the characteristic of an enzyme. Certain inhibitors work on these proteins and make them non-functioning by reacting with the side chains of the proteins.

Structure of leaf

The evergreen plants comprise of leaves which are functional in more than one season while the leaves of deciduous plants will fall off every year. The leaf in general consists of two parts such as lamina or leaf blade that is expanded and the other part is leaf stalk or petiole. There are certain small outgrowths at the end of the petiole called stipules. The green part of the tissue in the leaf is lamina which is held strongly with a midrib and small veins.

There are four types of veins present in the leaves. They are parallel venation, reticulate venation, pinnate venation and palmate venation. In parallel venation, the veins are present parallel to one another. The veins here travel all along the length of leaves as seen in Eucharis grandiflora. Sometimes, the veins in parallel venation might start from midrib towards the margin as seen in grasses. In reticulate venation, the veins will form branching to create a network. Most of the dicots will have reticulate venation as in Viola species.

In pinnate venation, there is only one main midrib which gives rise to several small veins that branch off into many divisions. In palmate venation, many principal veins arise from the bottom of the leaf blade as seen in Carica papaya.

The Root

In most of the dicot plants, the radicle elongates further and results in the development of primary root.  Primary root prolongs into the soil and possesses several lateral roots that form secondary and tertiary roots. The root branches of the primary root are called as Taproot system. The monocotyledons will have the primary root as short-lived and have any number of small lateral roots. These roots develop at the stem base and they form a root system called as the fibrous root system, which is observed in the wheat plant (monocot). In some plants like a banyan tree, monstera, and grass, parts of the plant other than radicle will be responsible for the development of root system called as adventitious root system.

The major functions of the root system are the absorption of minerals and water from the soil, which offers a suitable anchoring to the plant, produce the growth regulators of the plants and store the reserve food materials.

Tap Roots and Fibrous Roots

They are primary roots which give rise to several lateral roots or secondary roots. Tap roots divide, become fleshy and travel deep into the soil. Tap roots are seen to be present in perennial herbs like Quercus sps., Citrus sps., Daucus carota, and Taraxacum officinale, so on.

Fibrous Roots

These roots do not have a separate primary root. They have numerous small thread like roots that are similar in size and originate from the stem base. Fibrous roots spread on the soil surface instead of entering deep and straight into the soil. Fibrous roots are seen in grasses and in some shrubs.

Fleshy Roots

The fleshy roots are the storage places for food. They store excess food during the winter and adverse conditions such that the plant can make use of the food for its regrowth process. Some of the plants that come under this category are carrot (Daucus carota), turnips (Brassica rapa), beet root (beta vulgaris). These plants have tap root or main root storing the food. The secondary roots are transformed into tubers in the case of plants like sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas) and Dahlia sps.

Aerial Roots

The aerial roots are formed in many of the land plants as well as in water plants. They are formed in the moist atmosphere. The aerial roots allow the climbers like Philodendron sps., to take the support of the host. The aerial roots in the epiphytes like orchids not only take the support of the host plants but, will absorb water from the air. The aerial roots are fleshy in many cases as they store water transforming into reservoirs.

Knees

The pneumatophores are developed in the plants like Taxodium distichum also called as Bald Cypress. The ground or water, cuts off the air from the roots and make the trees to develop knees. These knees are protruding on the surface allowing the plant to take in air.

Types of Roots

Roots are helpful for the plants as they provide support to the stems as well as absorb water and minerals from the soil. Roots also store food materials. The root system is present in two types. They are primary root and secondary root.

Primary root originates from the embryo and is also called as taproot system. The branches of the tap root system are fibrous and are known as secondary roots. The primary root system of plant lives for a short period and it is followed by the secondary root system. The secondary roots are permanent roots in monocots like grasses. The roots from rhizomes, bulbs, corms, and tubers are adventitious roots. They also arise from the aerial stems as well as from the stem cuttings and root cuttings. The plants like Ficus, Rhizophora, and Pandanus sps., extend down the adventitious roots such that these roots act as support to the horizontal branches.

Root hairs are specialized extensions of the cells that can penetrate into the soil particles. The outer wall of the cell is expanded and forms an outgrowth tubular in shape. This outgrowth will make contact with the soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil. The mineral nutrients and water move from the soil into the root hairs followed by their entry into the rootlets and then into the main root which transports water and minerals into the stem and leaves. A number of root hairs are formed at the tip of the roots and they are short-lived in most of the plants. The transplantation of plants from one place to another has to be done carefully to avoid the loss of these root hairs which help in the proper absorption of water and minerals.

Stem and Stem Types

A stem develops from a bud and consists of leaves. Stems swell at the nodal points where the leaf is attached. The area between the nodes is called an internode. The stem functions to give support and display leaves, fruits and flowers, carries water and mineral nutrients from roots to the leaves, carries food produced by the green parts of the plant to its roots. In the plants like cacti, which do not have leaves, the entire food is produced in the green stem. Stems are annual, biennial, or perennial though some plants having perennial roots possess annual stems.

Some stems store food material known as tubers, corm, rhizomes, and bulbs. Stems are also modified as tendrils, runners, and thorns in certain plants. For example, tendrils in Vitis sps., and Parthenocissus quinquefolia are modified stems.  

Crowns are a type of stems that are very small and not very inconspicuous.  The pants with such stems are called as acaulescent. For example, Gerbera spp. The stem base from where roots arise is called as a crown.

Simple stems are those without branches as seen in Carica papaya and Zea mays. Branched stems have more than one terminal bud and have branches.

Climbing stems are weak and they depend on the other plants and posts for support as in Bougainvillea and Pyrostegia venusta.

Creeping stems spread on the ground surface and send roots into the ground from the joints and nodes. Examples, Wedelia trilobata and Lantana montevidensis.

Rhizomes are a type of stems that are prostrate, thick, and subterranean. They have leaves arising from one side and roots from another side. For example, Canna X generalis, Begonia heracleifolia.

Stolons are one type of stems that are slender, modified and grow on the surface of the ground with roots at the nodes. For example, Fragaria X Ananassa and Stenotaphrum secundatum.

               

 

Natural Remedies for Abscessed Teeth

What is Abscessed tooth?

Abscessed tooth is the infection present at the root region of the tooth, which is painful. The infection here is present in between the teeth and gum. The abscessed tooth is caused by extensive decay of the teeth. Any injury to the teeth, when the teeth are broken or chipped, gingivitis and gum disease can result in tooth abscess. The problems like teeth injury, gingivitis disease, broken teeth and so on can cause the openings on the enamel of the teeth. These problems will infect the teeth center. The bacterial infection might spread to the teeth root and further to the bones that supported the teeth.

The infection in the teeth will extend to the jaw, mouth, throat and face. These infections are caused by the improper health conditions of the teeth or due to improper dental care. These infections also result from the medical conditions like autoimmune disorders or factors that make the immune system weak.

The dental caries bacteria can spread to the gums, throat, cheek, below the tongue, and to the jaw bones or facial bones. The dental abscess can become very painful if the tissue concerned is swollen and create pressure inside the abscess. The gum tissue surface is affected by the infection, which results in trauma also called as gingival abscess. If the infection travels very deep into the gums, then it is termed as periodontal abscess. The pulp gets infected and is referred to as periapical abscess.

The infection region will have the pus accumulated. This condition will be more painful and the pain is relieved if the contents inside are drained off either by getting ruptured or due to draining done through surgery. The infection worsens to a stage where the airway gets blocked. This blockage will lead to breathing difficulty. The tooth abscess can make the person sick by experiencing fever, vomiting, sweat, nausea and chills. The abscess that develops at the lateral side of the tooth root is called as lateral abscess.

Natural Remedies for Abscessed tooth

Some of the home remedies can be tried to bring down the pain and discomfort. All these procedures can be done before going to the doctor for the treatment. They are not meant for cure but only give relief.

• The water can be boiled and a cloth is dipped into it. The cloth compress applied on the cheek can bring some relief. Cold treatment also can be done by keeping an ice pack on the cheek.
• Clove oil is taken in a cotton swab and kept inside the mouth nearer to the teeth.
• The mixture of table salt and baking soda can be put on the cotton swab and kept in between the teeth and cheek. After keeping this for some time a poison like liquid will get squeezed into the mouth from the abscessed teeth. This has to be spit out. Then the cotton can be changed to another one of similar kind.
• A piece of onion can be placed on the abscessed teeth to get relief from pain. If the pain recurs, onion can be bitten to get relief.
• Salt water can be used for gargling purpose.
• The garlic clove can be used for placing it on the infected region to bring relief.

To reduce the pain half glass of water can be added with quarter spoon of potassium carbonate and utilized for the purpose of mouth wash.